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Washington, June 14 (ANI): A new analysis of ancient minerals called zircons suggests that a harsh climate may have scoured and possibly even destroyed the surface of the Earth's earliest continents.
Zircons, the oldest known materials on Earth, offer a window in time back as far as 4.4 billion years ago, when the planet was a mere 150 million years old.
Because these crystals are exceptionally resistant to chemical changes, they have become the gold standard for determining the age of ancient rocks, according to University of Wisconsin-Madison geologist John Valley.
A team of scientists led by UW-Madison geologists Takayuki Ushikubo, Valley and Noriko Kita show that rocky continents and liquid water existed at least 4.3 billion years ago and were subjected to heavy weathering by an acrid climate.
Ushikubo, the first author on the new study, said that atmospheric weathering could provide an answer to a long-standing question in geology: why no rock samples have ever been found dating back to the first 500 million years after the Earth formed.
"Currently, no rocks remain from before about 4 billion years ago," he said. "Some people consider this as evidence for very high temperature conditions on the ancient Earth," he added.
Previous explanations for the missing rocks have included destruction by barrages of meteorites and the possibility that the early Earth was a red-hot sea of magma in which rocks could not form.
The current analysis suggests a different scenario.
Ushikubo and colleagues used a sophisticated new instrument called an ion microprobe to analyze isotope ratios of the element lithium in zircons from the Jack Hills in western Australia.
By comparing these chemical fingerprints to lithium compositions in zircons from continental crust and primitive rocks similar to the Earth's mantle, they found evidence that the young planet already had the beginnings of continents, relatively cool temperatures and liquid water by the time the Australian zircons formed.
"At 4.3 billion years ago, the Earth already had habitable conditions," said Ushikubo.
The zircons' lithium signatures also hold signs of rock exposure on the Earth's surface and breakdown by weather and water, identified by low levels of a heavy lithium isotope.
"Weathering can occur at the surface on continental crust or at the bottom of the ocean, but the (observed) lithium compositions can only be formed from continental crust," said Ushikubo.
The findings suggest that extensive weathering may have destroyed the Earth's earliest rocks.
"Extensive weathering earlier than 4 billion years ago actually makes a lot of sense," said Valley. "People have suspected this, but there's never been any direct evidence," he added. (ANI)
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